Graham Gibb's Reflective Model Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Graham Gibb's Reflective Model - Coursework Example The initial segment: - ‘description’, involves the depiction of the activity/occasion as relating to the person’s experience. Here it is to do with assessments either CATS or Final term tests. Tests are (a set/arrangements of) inquiries planned by educators, inside or remotely, that are given to the understudies as indicated by their group position this with the point of assessing them at a level playing field. Here I took an interest in the two kinds of tests getting done with the end term end of the year tests. The subsequent part: - ‘feelings’, involves the responses or potentially emotions that are competent at the specific snapshot of playing out the particular occasion; this being the sitting of the tests. I was somewhat tense, not exactly yet made however was certain and prepared for the paper. This was to be added to by my contemplating example and framework all through the school term. The third part: - ‘evaluation’, involves the idea of the experience one has during the occasion this being either fortunate or unfortunate. It has considerable outcomes on the resultant result of the tests. During the taking of my test, contemplations of family gives hindered and obstructed my progression of reasoning. For quite a while I was very bewildered and lost important time caught in my own contemplations. The experience was negative because of the sort of issues present in my family life (Jasper, 2003, p 81). The forward part: - ‘analysis’, involves the sort of balanced result that one makes of the experience that one experienced through during the exhibition of the particular occasion for example what one understands out of the circumstance happening. Because of the family issues, my psychological example was disturbed, with center moving from the present issue nearby; last test of the year, to outer however... The scientist of this coursework examines the appearance in the Education framework, where is the nearness of various by cooperatively related occasions that join to create an empowering and helpful condition wherein the understudy can collaborate effectively. This normally include: - instructive materials, advancements accessible to upgrade learning, social occasions, trips and games and furthermore assessments as CATS (Continuous Assessment Tests) and last semester tests. The analyst centers around the occasion of tests and assessment in the tutoring framework. This is an occasion that is persistent all through the examination lives of understudies, it is available in all school terms of the year. Tests involve the composition of papers or protest felines or end term tests. The model the specialist will use in his examination is Graham Gibb’s Reflective model. It utilizes reflection dependent on a ‘on-activity approach’ the episode of reflection having been pick ed and right now experienced. This model involves a ‘cyclic auxiliary flow’ of occasions that shows on continuous occasion. The scientist will focus on the end term last assessments paper that he embraced in during the year. The parts that were talked about in his exploration were the accompanying: ‘description’ stage, 'emotions' stage, 'assessment', ‘analysis’, ‘conclusion’ and 'activity plan', every one of them were broke down in subtleties. The analyst concluds then as an understudy, he would select for some directing meetings either in school or secretly and attempt to manage an issue investigated at once.

Conversation between nick and jordan Essay

One reason that Gatsby has gotten so well known around New York is that he tosses expand parties each end of the week at his chateau, sumptuous scenes to which individuals long to be welcomed. I made the short stroll to Gatsby’s house and joined the celebrations, feeling to some degree strange in the midst of the horde of delighted outsiders. Gatsby’s party is incredibly rich: visitors wonder over his Rolls-Royce, his pool, his sea shore, boxes of new oranges and lemons, buffet tents in the nurseries flooding with a dining experience, and a live ensemble playing under the stars. Alcohol streams unreservedly, and the group becomes rowdier and stronger as an ever increasing number of visitors become inebriated. In this climate of lavishness and party, Jordan and I, inquisitive to see this â€Å"Mr Gatsby† set out to discover him. At 12 PM, Jordan and I went outside to watch the diversion. We sat at a table when a very sharp looking man said that I looked natural to him and clarify that we served in a similar division during the war. He at that point man presented himself as a matter of fact Jay Gatsby. His discourse was so intricate and formal, and he had a propensity for calling everybody â€Å"old sport.† As the gathering went on , I felt myself being progressively captivated with Gatsby however Jordan was consistently there on the rear of my psyche. The additional time I spent in the organization of Jordan Baker , the more grounded I was attracted to her. It may have been simply the appealing way her slim figure wound itself In and out of the embarrassments of Tom and Myrtle just as Daisy and Gatsby , or her chill way of stewing off daisy when things got warmed among tom and daisy and they were squabbling over something minor. Scratch was never a man to tell a young lady how he felt about her , so he essentially viewed from an agreeable roost as Jordon walked around gatsby’s manor , experiencing former lady friends , past contenders and previous sweethearts. Her dress was a straightforward style , squeezed firmly against her , and her golf club was constantly made sure about next to her. Scratch felt something brush against his shoulder. Genuinely acclimated with tipsy partygoers , he disregarded it. â€Å"It’s all very heavenly , isnt’t it ?† a voice incited him. Jordan had discovered her way back to him , obviously exhausted of all the sparkle and interest. â€Å"But it’s very absurd as well† she feigned exacerbation draggin her club over the flight of stairs railing. Scratch felt a mind-boggling want to stay quiet and permit jordan’s predominant character to guide theâ conversation at whatever point she intented it to go.However , her kohl-improved eyes augmented in desire. â€Å"Quite great indeed† scratch spoke up, tinkering with the sleeves of his suit sleeves. â€Å"I got a greeting , you know.From mr.gatsby himself† Nick attemped casual chitchat , yet was uninformed that fiddling with tattle would guarantee jordan’s duty to the discussion. â€Å"I hear he slaughtered a man â€Å" Jordan curved her foreheads with a smile, â€Å"but on the other hand , they probablu say something very similar regarding me.† â€Å"why ever would yo think such a thing?† scratch rearranged awkwardly Jordans eyes hit the dance floor with giggling and she remained back to review scratch with diversion â€Å"a ladies with an impeccable golf record and a string of pearls?† she gave him an incredulous look, â€Å"Now no good thing can come out of that† Nick pressed together his lips , not exactly sure how to react. â€Å"Well you appear to be very substance with your lifestyle,† he brought up carefully. Jordan laughed faintly. It was just as she discovered nick’s guiltlessness charming. â€Å"Of course I do , Mr. Carraway . I love to golf , however you see , I love to party as well† she signaled to the amazing party around her, â€Å"and this scares most men†¦.. also, women† she murm ured significantly. To Nick, seeing a lady like Jordan, one who beverages and bets, he wouldn’t expect that she was as well. â€Å"Although , you don’t appear to be too afraid† Jordan seen, â€Å"maybe you’ve benn investing an excessive amount of energy in New York , Mr . Carraway.† â€Å"well I †,† scratch bungled on his words , â€Å" I †¦ I do accept my cousin daisy makes the most of your company.† â€Å"Yes Daisy and I were inseperable in our childhood . in any case, presently she thinks I’m a fool.† â€Å"Well , by and by I think †â€Å" yet scratch was interfered. A man had inclined In toward Jordan to mumur â€Å" Mr Gtasby demands your quality , Ms Baker.† â€Å"Me?’ Jordan was dually suspicious and intrigued. â€Å"Well , a young lady must go where she’s needed, â€Å" she chuckled and winked at Nick , just as they currently shared an extraordinary Secret. Watching Jordan leave Nick felt an exceptional fascination in Jordan however got over it as if to state he would simply be another toss to her. One reason that Gatsby has gotten so acclaimed around New York is that he tosses expand parties each end of the week at his house, extravagant exhibitions to which individuals long to be welcomed. At some point, Gatsby’s escort presents to Nick a solicitation to one of these gatherings. At the named time, Nick makes theâ short stroll to Gatsby’s house and joins the merriments, feeling to some degree strange in the midst of the crowd of happy outsiders. Visitors factory around trading gossipy tidbits about their hostâ€no one appears to know reality with regards to Gatsby’s riches or individual history. Scratch runs into Jordan Baker, whose companion, Lucille, theorizes that Gatsby was a German government agent during the war. Scratch additionally hears that Gatsby is an alum of Oxford and that he once executed a man without hesitating. Gatsby’s party is incredibly extravagant: visitors wonder over his Rolls-Royce, his pool, his sea shore, cartons of new oranges and lemons, buffet tents in the nurseries flooding with a gala, and a live ensemble playing under the stars. Alcohol streams uninhibitedly, and the group becomes rowdier and stronger as an ever increasing number of visitors become inebriated. In this air of plushness and celebration, Nick and Jordan, inquisitive about their host, set out to discover Gatsby. Rather, they run into a moderately aged man with gigantic, owl-peered toward displays (whom Nick names Owl Eyes) who sits poring over the new books in Gatsby’s library. At 12 PM, Nick and Jordan go outside to watch the amusement. They sit at a table with an attractive youngster who says that Nick looks recognizable to him; they understand that they served in a similar division during the war. The man presents himself as in all honesty Jay Gatsby. Gatsby’s discourse is detailed and formal, and he has a propensity for calling everybody â€Å"old sport.† As the gathering advances, Nick turns out to be progressively interested with Gatsby. He sees that Gatsby doesn't drink and that he keeps himself separate from the gath ering, remaining solitary on the marble steps, watching his visitors peacefully. At two o’clock in the first part of the day, as married couples contend about whether to leave, a steward discloses to Jordan that Gatsby might want to see her. Jordan rises up out of her gathering with Gatsby saying that she has recently heard something unprecedented. Scratch bids farewell to Gatsby, who goes inside to accept a call from Philadelphia. Scratch begins to walk home. On his way, he sees Owl Eyes attempting to get his vehicle out of a discard. Owl Eyes and another man move out of the destroyed car, and Owl Eyes shakily announces that he disavows the entire business. Scratch at that point continues to portray his regular day to day existence, to demonstrate that he accomplishes more with his time than essentially go to parties. He works in New York City, through which he likewise goes for long strolls, and he meets ladies. After a concise relationship with a young lady from Jersey City, Nick follows the guidance of Daisy and Tom and starts seeing Jordan Baker. Scratch says that Jordan isâ fundamentally an unscrupulous individual; he even realizes that she cheated in her first golf competition. Scratch feels pulled in to her notwithstanding her unscrupulousness, despite the fact that he himself professes to be one of only a handful scarcely any legitimate individuals he has ever known. He had one of those uncommon grins with a nature of unceasing consolation in it, that you may go over four or multiple times throughout everyday life. (See Important Quotations Explained) Investigation Toward the start of this section, Gatsby’s party brings 1920s riches and style into full center, indicating the privileged at its most extravagantly lavish. The rich, the two socialites from East Egg and their coarser partners from West Egg, cut loose without restriction. As his portrayal of the contrasts between East Egg and West Egg confirmations, Fitzgerald is entranced with the social progression and state of mind of America during the 1920s, when a huge gathering of industrialists, theorists, and agents with spic and span fortunes joined the old, distinguished families at the highest point of the financial stepping stool. The â€Å"new rich† come up short on the refinement, habits, and taste of the â€Å"old rich† however long to break into the amenable society of the East Eggers. In this situation, Gatsby is again an enigmaâ€though he lives in a conspicuously gaudy West Egg chateau, East Eggers openly go to his gatherings. In spite of the pressures between the two gatherings, the mix of East and West Egg makes a particularly American disposition. While the Americans at the gathering have a harsh essentialness, the Englishmen there are set off significantly, appearing to be edgy and ruthless, wanting to make associations that will make them rich. Fitzgerald has postponed the presentation of the novel’s most significant figureâ€Gatsby himselfâ€until the start of Chapter 3. The peruser has seen Gatsby from a separation, heard different characters talk about him, and tuned in to Nick’s contemplations about him, yet has not really met him (nor has Nick). Section 3 is given to the presentation of Gatsby and the extravagant, gaudy world he occupies. Fitzgerald gives Gatsby an appropriately stupendous

The New Year

The New Year As is my style, I didnt arrive back to MIT until the last possible moment, Registration Day (last Tuesday, September 7). I know some people feel the week or two before term are the best weeks all year, due to the abundance of free food and the suspicious absence of work, but I felt I owed it to my family to spend at least one week at home with them before disappearing again. But the first week was still of note due, in part to Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. Okay, I”m not Jewish, but Hillel and the Muslim Students” Association joined forces for a dinner celebrating the Jewish New Year and Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan. Pictures were not permitted at the dinner, but just imagine an endless feast in a dining hall fit for Hogwarts. It was nothing like that. That was Thursday night. The following day, as you no doubt inferred, was Eid ul-Fitr. As in previous years, several folks from the MSA met at a pre-determined location on campus at the ungodly early hour of 6:30am, then headed off to the Roxbury area of Boston, home to the largest mosque in New England. But, with an estimated 8,000 people expected to attend, the mosque could not accommodate everyone, and so the main event (the holiday prayer) was held on a football field behind a Roxbury high school. Toward an American flag. With the Boston skyline as a backdrop. Somewhere, there”s a calendar with this precise image. And afterwards, crepes near campus I”d normally take the rest of the day off, even though it”s not particularly necessary, but it was the third day of term; I had to go to class, and, to be honest, its not like I would have been doing much else back in my dorm. And, no, I was not changing out of my salwar kameez. That same evening, I secured my UROP for the semester â€" I”ll be working with the Intelligent Transport Systems Lab (as I did in the spring of 2009, before going away for the year) on a traffic simulation project in Singapore. I wasn”t certain I”d pursue a UROP this term with my already very busy schedule, but my new years resolution for this year is to manage my lifestyle better. This means managing time well (okay, I”m already failing as I was writing this post the night before my GREs). This is especially important because I”m taking 60 credits this term â€" 1.00: Introduction to Engineering and Problem Solving (12 credits) 1.571: Structural Analysis and Control (12 credits) 1.572: Structural Systems (6 credits) 4.614: Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures (12 credits) 4S.10: Delhi and Jaisalmer: An Architectural Journey through Two Indian Cities (6 credits) 21F.701: Spanish I (12 credits) While less than some students take during an average semester, this is more than I”ve ever taken at MIT. On top of that, I”m a news editor for The Tech, which requires me to be holed up in The Tech office for eight hours one night every two weeks. Then, there”s working at the front desk at Baker, serving as a tour guide, blogging, eating, sleeping So far, things have been going well, but it is, of course, just the first week. But this also means keeping my room clean, or at least in navigable condition. To this end, I have a much larger room this year (168 sq. ft.) compared to during sophomore year (120 sq. ft.). But I also have about a third as much stuff. When I was packing up my stuff at the end of sophomore year, before heading abroad, I came to the sad realization that I had far too much stuff. There were strange doohickeys my parents bought me that I never used, clothes I wouldn”t get caught dead wearing â€" not sure what they were doing in my closet. I took maybe three large boxes home with me (two of which I planned to never bring back to MIT), and stored at least six crates at a relative”s house in Boston. Opening those six crates on Saturday was like Christmas morning, a very sad, sad Christmas morning where you wish Santa had just gotten you coal instead. By the end of the day, those six boxes were one garbage bag for goodwill, two bags of things I wasn”t cruel enough to pass on, and one single crate to come back to MIT. I”m even confident enough to even take a picture of my room now.

Human Resource Management And An Organization - 1929 Words

Human Resource Management is the group inside an association that spotlights on the enrollment of, administration of, and giving direction to the general population who work in an association. As you can envision, the majority of the procedures and projects that are touched by individuals are a piece of the HR kingdom. The HRM office individuals give the learning, important apparatuses, preparing, authoritative administrations, drilling, lawful and administration counsel, and ability administration oversight that whatever remains of the association requirements for effective operation. HRM capacities are likewise performed by line directors who are straightforwardly in charge of the engagement, commitment, and profitability of their reporting staff individuals. In a completely incorporated ability administration framework, the chiefs assume a noteworthy part in and assume possession liability for the enrollment procedure. They are likewise in charge of the progressing improvement of and maintenance of unrivaled representatives. Associations additionally perform HRM capacities and assignments by outsourcing different segments to outside suppliers and sellers. The assignments that are most much of the time outsourced are those that remove HR time and vitality from the HR exercises that give the most key worth to the organization. This outsourcing most much of the time includes finance capacities, yet sellers and outer advisors can help an association with HRM from multipleShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is the management of an organization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Human resource management is the governance of an organization s employee. HRM is sometimes referred to simply as human resource. HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization980 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview Human Resource Management is the management of an organization’s employees. When a company designates a Human Resource (HR) department, those in HR are the ones responsible for overseeing the well-being of personnel in the workplace, and focus on how to attract, hire, train, motivate, and maintain employees of the organization. (DeCenzo, Robbins, Verhulst, 2013, p4). According to David S. Bright from the Raj Soin College of Business at Wright State UniversityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And An Organization Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is a tool in an organization, which focuses on the recruitment, management, and giving direction to the people who work in the organization. Human resource management is a vital component, which deals with issues concerned with people. Such issues include, hiring, performance management, developmental issues, safety, staff welfare, benefits and staff motivation. An organization cannot create a group of profess ional working staff without better human resources (Stewart, Read MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is a term that is often used loosely and is assumed to be common sense, but the people behind good human resource teams know that those accusations are simply not true. 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This paper will outline why it is essential for Human Resource Management to transform beyond itsRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management As competition increases around the world, leading companies in every business category have recognized that having a quality workforce can help the company gain a competitive advantage in the market. Many companies have started hiring people irrespective of their race, sex, religion, nationality etc. The critical thing for any company is to understand and use potential of their workforce. Building and managing top-quality workforce is not as easy as it may seem. In orderRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay3485 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract Human resource management plays an intricate role to at every company. The human resource profession has grown rapidly throughout the years creating multiple departments which specialize in specific areas. 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General Introduction Eight Great Tragedies - 2218 Words

General Introduction: Eight Great Tragedies In Greek the word â€Å"tragedy† means â€Å"goat song†, but the connection between tragedy and goat song is obscure. Perhaps a goat was the prize at some sort of early singing contest in Greece, or perhaps the dancers wore goat skins. One medieval writer ingeniously suggested that tragedy is called goat song because it begins prosperously, as a goat is abundantly hairy in front, and ends wretchedly, as a goat is bare in the rear. Dante Alighieri, whose Divine Comedy proves him to be the greatest poet of the Middle Ages, offered the engaging idea that tragedy is so called because its story is unpleasant and smelly as a goat. The American public does not greatly approve of goat songs. We are an†¦show more content†¦While one can never say with certainty why something did or did not happen, nevertheless we may hazard the suggestion that some cultures have never produced tragic drama because their ethical systems stifle it. Among tragedy’s basic assumpt ions is the value of the individual’s life. Societies (such as some in the Orient) which believe in reincarnation seem to worry very little about suffering in this life, especially because suffering may merely be payment for immoral behaviour during a previous existence, and in any event, the soul goes through so many physical bodies that the conflicts of any particular incarnation are, in the long view, trivial. In India Shakespeare’s tragedies seem superficial, for the dominant creeds in the East suggest that â€Å"Life is an infinite Paradise. They who write tragedies are not yet enlightened.† On the other hand, most Westerners feel that the Indians lack sufficient respect for the body and for human life. In their quest for purity, the Indians appear to us to be insufficiently interested in man as we know him. The Bhagavad-Gita (Song of God), for example, is a sacred Hindu text that justifies war on the grounds that death is unimportant. 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Total Quality Service Free Essays

Topic: Total Quality Service Summary: Total quality service and total quality management as a business strategy designed to add value to customers. It begins by discussing the roots of quality assurance and total quality management, and TQM. Also, it is to explore the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices and service quality as well as the relationship between TQM practices and market orientation. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, most of what has been written on TQM is usually related to manufacturing related organizations even though it is widely believed that the concepts and principles under TQM are equally relevant to service organizations. Critical dimensions of TQS A review of literature on quality management implied that the critical dimensions of TQS could be broadly categorized under three groups as follows: 1) Those dimensions of manufacturing quality management that can be effectively used in service organizations of course with due modifications (these include dimensions such as top management commitment and visionary leadership, human resource management, design and management of processes, information and analysis, benchmarking, continuous improvement, employee satisfaction, and customer focus). 2) Those dimensions that are seldom addressed in the literature, but are nevertheless key elements of TQM in both manufacturing and service organizations (e. g. union intervention and social responsibility). (3) Those factors that is highly unique to service organizations (namely, services capes the man-made physical environment  ± and service culture). The TQM dimensions that have been identified in service organizations are as follows: 1) top management commitment and visionary leadership (TMCL); 2) human resource management (HRM); ) technical system (TS); 4) information and analysis system (I A); 5) benchmarking (BM); 6) continuous improvement (CI); 7) customer focus (CF); 8) employee satisfaction (ES); 9) union intervention (UI); 10) social responsibility (SR); 11) servicescapes (SP); and 12) service culture (SC) Also, an empirical study that examines the difference of the relationship between TQM and quality performance in the manufacturing and service firms. How to cite Total Quality Service, Papers

Supermarket Industry Analysis Essay Example

Supermarket Industry Analysis Essay .From the report of the Progressive Grocer, a monthly industry publication, we can know that in 2009, 35,612 supermarkets were in business in the United States, which accounted for 54. 5% of food item sales by grocery stores including supercenters and warehouse outlets. Convenience stores had 31. 9% of sales, and wholesale clubs had11. 5% of sales. So, supermarkets overall account for more than half of all food sales. Market definition In general, we believe that a supermarket is a large comprehensive retail store that sells a wide variety of goods including food and alcohol, medicine, clothes, and other household products that are consumed regularly. Customers can use the most comfortable and free way to choose goods by themselves in the supermarket. It is the most popular way for retailer in developed countries. And, the Standard Poor’s industry surveys define that the US supermarket industry includes a range of businesses, from small grocery shops and convenience stores to large supermarket chains, excluding restaurants and department stores that sell gourmet foods. We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket Industry Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket Industry Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supermarket Industry Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through the definition of supermarket, we can know that supermarket is not only a market; it covers many different industry areas. We want to analyze a single market, and, according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), the supermarket industry is found in section 445110:  Supermarkets and Other Grocery (except Convenience) Stores. NAICS states that â€Å"This industry comprises establishments generally known as supermarkets and grocery stores primarily engaged in retailing a general line of food, such as canned and frozen foods; fresh fruits and vegetables; and fresh and prepared meats, fish, and poultry. Included in this industry are delicatessen-type establishments primarily engaged in retailing a general line of food†. It means that supermarkets mainly sell food. So, I will choose the definition of supermarket industry in the NAICS and just focus on food retail. [pic] How can I know the food retail is an own industry? There are two questions we must ask ourselves in order to answer this question. First, do the consumers view food and other items the same? Second, can the food retailer easily switch from selling one to others? For customers, I think it is easy to answer. When someone feels hungry, he/she just want to buy some food to eat; he/she can not choose some clothes to make him full. Even when the price of food increases, people can not buy medicine or other items to substitute it. They have no choice to satisfy their need except food. To sum up, customers see food as different from other items. For food retailer, they just have experience of food selling, so they just understand what kinds of food can attract consumers and where they can purchase the cheapest products, which means that they lack the knowledge and suppliers of other market. Further more, selling food and selling other products needs different facilities. For example, selling food needs refrigerators which is not required when selling cars. Moreover, transportation and distribution of selling food are separate from selling other types of products. Customers require food is fresh, so food retailers should buy from the closest place and use the fastest way to take foods into the supermarket. There are not these demands for other products. Thus, it is difficult for food retailers to switch from selling food to other products. All in all, I can conclude that food retail is its own industry. Five Forces that Shape Industry Competition [pic] Internal rivalry The rivalry in the food retail industry is extremely high. First, a large number of various companies exist within this industry. In the United States, there are three kinds of main competitor sharing the supermarket industry: international supermarkets, like Wal-Mart; national supermarkets, like Costco; and regional supermarkets, like Roth in Independence. Because these food retailers sell the same or very similar products, each company wants to steal customers from others to sell more of their own merchandise, and as a result, rivalry intensifies. Second, although the unfavorable economic environment lead the consumers trading down to lower-priced goods within supermarkets in 2009, with a more stable economic trend for 2010, retailers are beginning to increase capital spending budgets. For example, Safeway boosted capital spending from the $852 million spent in 2009 to a range of $900 million to $1 billion in 2010. Whole foods market increased capital spending significantly from $315 million in 2009 to a range of $350 million to $400 million in 2010 (Standard Poor’s industry surveys, 2010). When companies increase investment to expand their own output, it always tends to intensify competition for luring customers from competitors, and as a result, rivalry intensifies. Third, significant costs vary greatly among firms. Significant costs will lead companies to have different market shares and will bring differing commodity prices to various companies. To take Wal-Mart for an example, a Wal-Mart supermarket is always over 100,000 square feet; however, the average supermarket is only 35,000 square feet. In 2011, the company will not only invest in growing to 12 million square feet of retail space in the US, but they are also planning to remodel stores (Standard Poor’s industry surveys, 2010). Through the example of Wal-Mart, we can know because of its vast size, Wal-Mart has strong ability to bargain with its suppliers, which will allow it to keep fullest advantage and lowest cost. The result of the lower price is to increase sales volumes, profit and cost leverage; at the end, Wal-Mart will increase its market share and keep worldwide leadership in retailing, which means other companies have to face the fact of the power wielded by Wal-Mart. Next, Wal-Mart is the price leader of supermarket industry, and it continually drives down price. The low price of Wal-Mart may not influence the buying decisions of consumers in a short time. However, for a long time, Wal-Mart would make customers to be aware of its lowest price. Even when other supermarkets are close to price parity with Wal-Mart, customers still believe that Wal-Mart’s prices are the lowest, and the Wal-Mart will become the first choice for customers. Thus, the low price strategy of Wal-Mart will become the heavy competitive pressure to other food retailers. Then, there are the strength of exit barriers in the supermarket industry. High investment in property, distribution, and inventories are the three main exit barriers for the supermarket industry. Usually the floor area of a supermarket is wider than other kinds of shops except shopping mall, so if a company wants to leave this industry, the property would become waste. For distribution, usually, customers only see one or two local stores, but they forget that there are still many stores which belong to the company in different areas, so a company generally has a transportation center which is working for sending foods to all stores. If a company decides to exit the industry competition, the investment of the transportation center and conveyance would lose its value. Furthermore, food goes bad easily, so it should be sold in a short time. That is why the inventories not only can not bring profit to retailer, but also becomes a burden to the retailer when a company closes down. Thus, when companies have operating problems and retailers do not want to lose all investment, they always try to do something to change the status quo. At the end, this condition can prolong price wars as firms struggle to survive instead of exiting. Substitute Substitute means two or more different goods have the same function which can satisfy a customer’s need. The relationship between these goods is competition in sale. When one product’s sale goes up, the others’ would go down. For food retail industry, farmer markets, restaurants and homemade foods are the three main substitutes. Generally, a supermarket is not a producer, it is just a broker. It should purchase all products from real producers, and then sell them to customers. Through trading, the supermarket earns the purchase and sale price differentials. So, if real producers can substitute supermarket to become sellers, consumers can buy products in lower price; at the same time, producers can earn more money. Restaurants would also be substitutes. In a restaurant, consumers do not only get some food, but also can get service. So, in some case, restaurants easily become no-price competitor for supermarkets. Home-made food usually lets people feel cleaner. When we eat homemade food, we know where the food comes from, and we can be sure of the food’s safety. Thus, homemade food has opportunity to become the substitute, especially, in inflation, homemade food also can help us to save money. Powers of buyers In normal conditions, we consider that consumers’ food budgets are price insensitive. They do not abandon a close and convenient supermarket for a far but cheaper one. Convenience for shopping is the most important thing for a customer. However, price is a potential risk for food retailers. If a nation always stays in a state of economic recession, the income of people would keep decreasing. When people feel income falling short of expenditure, they have to think more about their budgets and then switch from high margin stores to mass merchandisers. Furthermore, an individual consumer does not have strong buyer’s power to affect the prices of merchandise. For example, if someone goes to Wal-Mart to bargain, no people will care, even the supermarket will call police. However, individual consumers can influence on retailers to sell or not sell specific types of product. For example, more and more people care about health; they want more natural and organic food, hence, â€Å"the natural/gourmet stores’ count increased 3. 0% in 2009† (Progressive Grocer,). Powers of supplier In the food retail industry, food suppliers are not highly concentrated, hence, the larger number of suppliers of food products, the less influence one supplier can have in the market. Further more, food retailers have rights to choose diverse products to sell in a store, but suppliers just can produce only one kind of product, like a beverage company just can produce drinks, but producing clothes is impossible, which means the market for retailers is bigger than for suppliers. If the supplier can not give the retailer a satisfactory price, or the retailer dislikes the quality of product, the retailer can switch to other suppliers who support the same kind of goods in the market easily. Because the switch cost is low, retailers do not need to worry about it. In addition, for some companies which have substantial wealth and economic power, they can even buy out all products of a supplier. In this case, the supplier has such a deep symbiosis with the food retailer; the food retailer will decide the subsistence for the supplier. That is, if the food retailer wants a lower price, the supplier just can sell products at a lower price. Consequently, the powers of supplier are moderate to low. Barriers of entry Economies of Scale can be a barrier to entry. An economy of scale is when you are able to sell more products at the same time; cost of unit product will be decrease, which will bring lower price of products to customers in the supermarket industry. Therefore, I take the labor costs for an example: â€Å"Food retailing is a labor-intensive business, and employee costs represent the supermarket’s greatest operating expense. Usually, labor accounts for more than 50% of total operating expenses† (Standard Poor’s). The wage of everyday and the working time for a cashier are fixed. Customers not only buy food, but also other items, like clothes, auto parts and so on in a big one-stop shopping supermarket, when they check out, cashier should check all the items, not just food. Comparing with a shopping mall which includes many small shops, but normally every shop just sells one type of goods, customers can save more time, and the supermarket just need only one type of laborer to do all the jobs which are separated to different sellers in a shopping mall. But economies of scale for a newcomer to the supermarket industry are hard to come true. The economies of scale not only reduce cost, but also increase the power of company. When a supermarket cooperates with a products supplier, the bigger supermarket has the ability to bargaining with the supplier. Like the biggest international chain supermarket, Wal-Mart, always can sell its items at the lowest price just because of its size and status. If the supplier does not give a good deal to Wal-Mart, they will lose the biggest buyer in the world, which means the supplier will lose unimagined huge sale and profit. However, if a small supermarket, a regional supermarket, hopes to use the lowest price to buy in products, normally, the supplier does not agree, because when he loses this buyer, his market is still there; he still can earn a lot of profit from other buyers. High investment and technological cost make entry into the supermarket industry extremely difficult. The trend of the development of supermarket industry is supercenters: â€Å"Supercenters are huge retail outlets (more than 150,000 square feet, on average) that house a mass merchandiser and a combination food and drugstore in a single unit, and devote as much as 40% of their shelf space to grocery items† (Standard Poor’s). The large size of the building destines a high investment. Otherwise, to make a supermarket more competitive, most existing supermarkets have invested heavily in computer and telecommunications equipment. Like electronic shelf tags, self-scanning checkouts, point-of-sale equipment and quick response program. The more high technology used, the more investment has to be made. In addition, for customers, one size does not fit all. Different consumers have different requirements; a supermarket should respond to consumers’ different needs as much as possible. That is a variety of products is required for any supermarket, and the same product with different sizes or colors should appear on shelves. Hence, economic strength of operator is other barrier to entry into the supermarket industry. Last but not least, distribution decides the state of operation for a supermarket, because the transportation cost is one of the biggest parts for a supermarket. Usually, a supermarket chain includes a distribution center and some stores. Stores are distributed throughout a city, so how to choose a suitable place to build the distribution center to make the shortest distance to different stores is an important thing for a newcomer.

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule

History of the US Congressional Gag Rule The gag rule was a legislative tactic employed by southern members of Congress beginning in the 1830s to prevent any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. The silencing of slavery opponents was accomplished by a resolution first passed in 1836 and renewed repeatedly for eight years. The suppression of free speech in the House was naturally deemed offensive to northern members of Congress and their constituents. What came to be widely known as the gag rule faced opposition for years, most notably from former president John Quincy Adams. Adams, who had been elected to Congress following one frustrating and unpleasant presidential term in the 1820s, became the champion of anti-slavery sentiment on Capitol Hill. And his stubborn opposition to the gag rule became a rallying point for the growing abolitionist movement in America. The gag rule was finally rescinded in December 1844. The tactic had been successful in its immediate goal, the silencing of any debate about slavery in Congress. But in the long term, the gag rule was counterproductive... The tactic came to be viewed as patently unfair and undemocratic Attacks upon Adams, which ranged from attempts to censure him in Congress to a constant stream of death threats, eventually made his opposition to slavery a more popular cause. The heavy-handed suppression of debate over slavery heightened  the deepening divide in the country in the decades before the Civil War. And the battles against the gag rule worked to bring abolitionist sentiment, which had been considered a fringe belief, closer to the mainstream of American public opinion. Background to the Gag Rule Compromises over slavery had made the ratification of the United States Constitution possible. And in the early years of the country, the issue of slavery was generally absent in Congressional debates. One time it arose was in 1820 when the Missouri Compromise set a precedent about the addition of new states. Slavery was being made illegal in the northern states in the early 1800s. In the South, thanks to the growth of the cotton industry, the institution of slavery were only getting stronger. And there seemed to be no hope of abolishing it through legislative means.   The U.S. Congress, including nearly all members from the North, accepted that slavery was legal under the Constitution, and it was an issue for the individual states. However, in one particular instance, Congress did have a role to play in slavery, and that was in the District of Columbia. The district was ruled by Congress, and slavery was legal in the district. That would become an occasional point of debate, as congressmen from the North would periodically urge that slavery in the District of Columbia be outlawed. Until the 1830s, slavery, as abhorrent as it may have been to many Americans, was simply not discussed much in the government. A provocation by abolitionists in the 1830s, the pamphlet campaign, in which anti-slavery pamphlets were mailed to the South, changed that for a time. The issue of what could be sent through the federal mails suddenly made anti-slavery literature a highly controversial federal issue. But the pamphlet campaign fizzled out, as mailing pamphlets which would be seized and burned in southern streets were seen as simply impractical. And anti-slavery campaigners began to rely more on a new tactic, petitions sent to Congress. The right of petition was enshrined in the First Amendment. Though often overlooked in the modern world, the right to petition the government was held in very high regard in the early 1800s. When citizens began sending anti-slavery petitions to Congress, the House of Representatives would be confronted with the increasingly contentious debate about slavery. And, on Capitol Hill, it meant pro-slavery legislators began to seek a way to avoid dealing with the anti-slavery petitions entirely. John Quincy Adams in Congress The issue of petitions against slavery, and the efforts by southern legislators to suppress them did not begin with John Quincy Adams. But it was the former president who brought great attention to the issue and who persistently kept the matter controversial. Adams occupied a unique place in early America. His father, John Adams, had been a founder of the nation, the first vice president, and the country’s second president. His mother, Abigail Adams, was, like her husband, a dedicated opponent of slavery. In November 1800 John and Abigail Adams became the original inhabitants of the White House, which was still unfinished. They had previously lived in places where slavery was legal, though waning in actual practice. But they found it particularly offensive to look from the windows of the president’s mansion and see groups of slaves working to build the new federal city. Their son, John Quincy Adams, inherited their abhorrence of slavery. But during his public career, as a senator, diplomat, secretary of state, and president, there hadn’t been much he could do about it. The position of the federal government was that slavery was legal under the Constitution. And even an anti-slavery president, in the early 1800s, was essentially forced to accept it. Adams lost his bid for a second presidential term when he lost the very bitter election of 1828 to Andrew Jackson. And he returned to Massachusetts in 1829, finding himself, for the first time in decades, with no public duty to perform. Some local citizens where he lived encouraged him to run for Congress. In the style of the time, he professed to have little interest in the job but said if the voters chose him, he would serve. Adams was overwhelmingly elected to represent his district in the U.S. House of Representatives. For the first and only time, an American president would serve in Congress after leaving the White House. After moving back to Washington, in 1831, Adams spent time becoming familiar with the rules of Congress. And when the Congress went into session, Adams began what would turn into a lengthy battle against southern pro-slavery politicians. A newspaper, the New York Mercury, published, in the issue of December 21, 1831, a dispatch about events in Congress on December 12, 1831: Numerous petitions and memorials were presented in the House of Representatives. Among them were 15 from the citizens of the Society of Friends in Pennsylvania, praying for the consideration of the question of slavery, with a view to its abolition, and for the abolition of the traffic of slaves within the District of Columbia. The petitions were presented by John Quincy Adams, and referred to the Committee on the District. By introducing the anti-slavery petitions from Pennsylvania Quakers, Adams had acted audaciously. However, the petitions, once they were sent to the House committee which administered the District of Columbia, were tabled and forgotten. For the next few years, Adams periodically presented similar petitions. And the anti-slavery petitions were always sent into procedural oblivion. In late 1835 southern members of Congress began to get more aggressive about the issue of anti-slavery petitions. Debates about how to suppress them occurred in Congress and Adams became energized to fight the efforts to stifle free speech. On January 4, 1836, a day on which members could present petitions to the House, John Quincy Adams introduced an innocuous petition related to foreign affairs. He then introduced another petition, sent to him by citizens of Massachusetts, calling for the abolition of slavery. That created a stir in the House chamber. The speaker of the house, future president and Tennessee congressman James K. Polk, invoked complicated parliamentary rules to prevent Adams from presenting the petition. Throughout January 1836 Adams continued to try to introduce anti-slavery petitions, which were met with an endless invocation of various rules to ensure they wouldn’t be considered. The House of Representatives bogged down completely. And a committee was formed to come up with procedures to handle the petition situation. Introduction of the Gag Rule The committee met for several months to come up with a way to suppress the petitions. In May 1836 the committee produced the following resolution, which served to completely silence any discussion of slavery: â€Å"All petitions, memorials, resolutions, propositions, or papers, relating in any way, or to any extent whatsoever, to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shall, without being either printed or referred, be laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon.† On May 25, 1836, during a heated Congressional debate on the proposal to silence any talk of slavery, Congressman John Quincy Adams tried to take the floor. Speaker James K. Polk refused to recognize him and called on other members instead. Adams eventually got a chance to speak but was quickly challenged and told the points he wished to make were not debatable. As Adams tried to speak, he was interrupted by Speaker Polk. A newspaper in Amherst, Massachusetts, The Farmer’s Cabinet, on June 3, 1836 issue, reported on the anger shown by Adams in the May 25, 1836 debate: â€Å"At another stage of the debate, he appealed again from a decision of the Speaker, and cried out, ‘I am aware there is a slave-holding Speaker in the Chair.’ The confusion which ensued was immense.â€Å"Affairs having gone against Mr. Adams, he exclaimed Mr. Speaker, am I gagged or not? â€Å" That question posed by Adams would become famous. And when the resolution to suppress talk of slavery passed the House, Adams received his answer. He was indeed gagged. And no talk of slavery would be allowed on the floor of the House of Representatives. Continuous Battles Under the rules of the House of Representatives, the gag rule had to be renewed at the outset of each new session of Congress. So over the course of four Congresses, a span of eight years, the southern members of Congress, along with willing northerners, were able to pass the rule anew. Opponents of the gag rule, most notably John Quincy Adams, continued to battle against it whenever they could. Adams, who had acquired the nickname â€Å"Old Man Eloquent,† frequently sparred with southern congressmen as he would try to bring the subject of slavery into House debates. As Adams became the face of opposition to the gag rule, and to slavery itself, he began to receive death threats. And at times resolutions were introduced in Congress to censure him. In early 1842, a debate over whether to censure Adams essentially amounted to a trial. Accusations against Adams and his fiery defenses appeared in newspapers for weeks. The controversy served to make Adams, at least in the North, a heroic figure battling for the principle of free speech and open debate. Adams was never formally censured, as his reputation probably prevented his opponents from ever gathering the necessary votes. And in his old age, he continued to engage in blistering rhetoric. At times he baited southern congressmen, taunting them over their ownership of slaves. The End of the Gag Rule The gag rule persisted  for eight years. But over time the measure was seen by more and more Americans as essentially anti-democratic. Northern members of Congress who had gone along with it in the late 1830s, in the interest of compromise, or simply as a surrender to the power of the slave states, began to turn against it. In the nation at large, the abolitionist movement had been seen, in the early decades of the 19th century, as a small band on the outer fringe of society. Abolitionist editor  William Lloyd Garrison had even been attacked on the streets of Boston. And the Tappan Brothers, New York merchants who often financed abolitionist activities, were routinely threatened. Yet, if the abolitionists were widely viewed as a fanatical fringe, tactics like the gag rule made the pro-slavery factions appear just as extreme. The suppression of free speech in the halls of Congress became untenable to northern members of Congress. On December 3, 1844, John Quincy Adams put forth a motion to rescind the gag rule. The motion passed,  by a vote in the House of Representatives of 108 to 80. And the rule which had prevented debate over slavery was no longer in force. Slavery, of course, was not ended in America until the Civil War. So being able to debate the issue in Congress did not bring an end to slavery. Yet, by opening up a debate, changes in thinking were made possible. And the national attitude toward slavery was no doubt affected. John Quincy Adams served in Congress for four years after the gag rule was rescinded. His opposition to slavery inspired younger politicians who could carry on his fight. Adams collapsed at his desk in the House chamber on February 21, 1848. He was carried to the speakers office and died there the following day. A young Whig congressman who had been present when Adams collapsed, Abraham Lincoln, was a member of the delegation which traveled to Massachusetts for the funeral of Adams.

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Scientific Name

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Scientific Name We use common names for animals in everyday speech, but scientists have a different method of naming creatures, called binomial nomenclature or two-word naming. This scientific naming system avoids confusion when a scientist is speaking to a colleague who speaks another language- or when different animals are given the same name in various regions. For instance, if scientists who speak English, Russian, Spanish, French and Japanese all are talking about a Balaenoptera musculus, they all know they are speaking about the same animal: Its the sea mammal the English speaker knows as the blue whale. Latin words are used, with the first term identifying the genus to which the animal belongs. (This is the animals generic name or generic epithet.) The second term identifies the species. (This is the animals specific name or specific epithet.) A Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishesAgalychnis callidryas - Red-eyed tree frogAiluropoda melanoleuca - Giant pandaAlces americanus - American mooseAmblyrhynchus cristatus - Marine iguanaAmphibia - AmphibiansAnimalia - AnimalsAnser indicus - Bar-headed gooseAnseriformes - WaterfowlAntilocapra americana - PronghornAnura - Frogs and toadsAplysia californica - California sea hareArchilochus colubris - Ruby-throated hummingbirdArthropoda - ArthropoodsArtiodactyla - Even-toed ungulatesAves - Birds B Baeolophus bicolor - Tufted titmouseBalaeniceps rex - ShoebillBalaenoptera musculus - Blue whaleBatoidea - Skates and raysBison bison - American bisonBranta canadensis - Canada gooseBranta sandvicensis - Nene gooseBufo bufo - European common toad C Campephilus principalis - Ivory-billed woodpeckerCanidae - CanidsCanis lupus arctos - Arctic wolfCaracal caracal - CaracalCarcharodon carcharias - Great white sharkCaretta caretta - Loggerhead turtleCarnivora - CarnivoresCastor canadensis - American beaverCepphus columba - Pigeon guillemotCeratotherium simum - White rhinocerosCetacea - CetaceansChelonia - Turtles and tortoisesChelonia mydas - Green sea turtleChiroptera - BatsChondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishesChordata - ChordatesCichlidae - CichlidsCiconiiformes - Herons, storks, ibises and spoonbillsCnidaria - CnidariaConolophus subcristatus - Galapagos land iguanaCrocodilia - CrocodiliansCyclura cornuta - Rhinoceros iguana D Danaus plexippus - Monarch butterflyDasypus novemcinctus - Nine-banded armadilloDaubentonia madagascariensis - Aye-ayeDelphinus delphis - Common dolphinDendrobates auratus - Green poison dart frogDermochelys coriacea - Leatherback sea turtleDiceros bicornis - Black rhinocerosDiomedea exulans - Wandering albatrossDugong dugong - Dugong E Echinodermata - EchinodermsElasmobranchii - Sharks, skates and raysElephas maximus - Asiatic elephantEquus asinus somalicus - Somali wild assEquus burchellii - Burchells zebraEquus caballus przewalskii - Przewalskis wild horseEretmochelys imbricata - Hawksbill sea turtleErithacus rubecula - European robinEschrichtius robustus - Gray whaleEudocimus ruber - Scarlet ibis F Falconiformes - Birds of preyFelidae - CatsFratercula arctica - Atlantic puffinFregatidae - Frigatebirds G Gastropoda - Gastropods, slugs and snailsGavialis gangeticus - GavialGeochelone nigra - Galapagos tortoiseGiraffa camelopardalis - GiraffeGorilla gorilla - GorillaGymnophiona - Caecilians H Hippopotamus amphibus - HippopotamusHomo neanderthalensis - NeandertalHyaenidae - HyenasHyperoodon ampullatus - Northern bottlenose whale I Insecta - InsectsIsoptera - Termite L Lagenorhynchus acutus - Atlantic white-sided dolphinLagenorhynchus obscurus - Dusky dolphinLagomorpha - Hares, rabbits and pikasLoxodonta africana - African elephantLynx lynx - Eurasian lynxLynx rufus - Bobcat M Mammalia - MammalsMarsupialia - MarsupialsMeles meles - European badgerMephitidae - Skunks and stink badgersMetazoa - AnimalsMicrolophus albemarlensis - Lava lizardMollusca - MollusksMorus bassanus - Northern gannetMustela nigripes - Black-footed ferretMustelidae - MustelidsMyrmecophaga tridactyla - Giant anteater O Orcaella brevirostris - Irrawaddy dolphinOrcinus orca - OrcaOctopus vugaris - Octopus P Panthera leo - LionPanthera onca - PantherPanthera pardus - LeopardPanthera pardus orientalis - Amur leopardPanthera tigris - TigerPanthera tigris altaica - Siberian tigerPanthera uncia - Snow leopardPelicaniformes - Pelicans and relativesPerissodactyla - Odd-toed ungulatesPhascolarctos cinereus - KoalaPhoca vitulina - Common sealPhoenicopterus ruber - Greater flamingoPlatalea ajaja - Roseate spoonbillPongo pygmaeus - Bornean orangutanPorifera - SpongesPrimates - PrimatesProboscidea - ElephantsPropithecus tattersalli - Golden-crowned sifakaPterois volitans - Firefish or lionfishPteropus rodricensis - Rodriguez flying foxPuma concolor - Mountain LionPygoscelis adeliae - Adà ©lie penguin R Rangifer tarandus - CaribouReptilia - ReptilesRhincodon typus - Whale sharkRodentia - Rodents S Sarcopterygii - Lobe-finned fishesScyphozoa - JellyfishSphenisciformes - PenguinsSphenodontida - TuatarasSphyrnidae - Hammerhead sharksSquamata - Amphisbaenians, lizards and snakesStrigiformes - OwlsStruthio camelus - OstrichSuidae - PigsSula nebouxii - Blue-footed boobySuricata suricatta - Meerkat T Tamandua tetradactyla - Southern tamanduaTapiridae - TapirsTinamiformes - TinamousTragelaphus oryx - Eland antelopeTremarctos ornatus - Spectacled bearTrichechus - ManateesTrochilidae - HummingbirdsTursiops truncatus - Bottlenose dolphinTytonidae - Barn owls U Ursus Americanus - American black bearUrsus Arctos - Brown bearUrsus Maritimus - Polar bear V Varanus komodoensis - Komodo dragonVulpes vulpes - Red fox X Xenarthra - Xenarthrans

Developing a Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing a - Research Proposal Example This brings about the question on whether the scholarships offered by these private schools should be reduced or eliminated altogether as a means of reducing the already overwhelming costs that they are faced with. Though this may seem like a harsh action, it may be a necessary move in a bid to reduce the sizable gap that the schools are faced with as a result of unbalanced books, and it may be an effective of ensuring the schools are not faced with the risk of closure. Based on this issue, a research hypothesis can therefore be developed to determine whether the above mentioned action would be an appropriate move by the private school sector. The hypothesis would be, Scholarships offered by private schools play a big role in widening the gap faced by these institutions. Through studying the effect that scholarships have on a private school’s budget, one is able to determine whether their elimination would play a vital part in reducing the deficit that the institutions usually remain with. Literature Review The issue of scholarships can be considered under the basis of a social responsibility that the private school sector has to the community within which they are based. Despite the fact that there is a deficit in the budget of many of the private schools’ budgets that is not covered by the fees that is paid by their students, the amount of money paid out to them is still significantly higher than that paid in public school meaning many individuals are not able to afford it. Scholarships can be regarded as a means of providing gifted children with a means of attaining quality education despite their financial status and thus their elimination cannot be considered lightheartedly. There are various scholarships that exist categorized depending on how they are issued. Some of the more popular ones include sports and academic scholarships with the former being given on the basis of an individual’s athletic ability. Eradicating scholarships for m the private schools’ program may come off as bias as this would mean that only students form financially well off families would be able to afford the education offered by these institutions and would effectively shut out the individuals in lower economic classes. However, the gap that these institutions face cannot be ignored as well as this may lead to an economic downturn that may result in these schools shutting down. Thus, a solution needs to be arrived at that will allow for both the continued existence of scholarships as well as finding effective means of subsidizing the deficit that is faced by the schools. Research Design, Research Method and Sample Selection The research design chosen to deal with this topic should be in accordance to the nature of the study in order to ensure the most accurate results are obtained (Hancke 101). The most appropriate design in this case would be descriptive such as the conduction of a Case study on the matter. This is because of th e nature of a case study that allows one to study a single unit in relation to the perspective in which it is placed in (Hancke 98). The single unit in this case would be the private education system and the context would be the cost of operating that is involved in these institutions. The research method that would be used to conduct the research would be the conduction of interviews as well as the collection of the financial information of the

Should CEOs turn to Machiavelli for business strategies Essay

Should CEOs turn to Machiavelli for business strategies - Essay Example Machiavelli is considered as one of the Masters of Leadership as his philosophy on leadership offered a different insight into how leaders can be successful and what needs to be done in order to remain successful. What is critical to note that Machiavelli’s Prince has been one of the most controversial books which have been banned by Catholic Church also and still being demonized due to its different interpretations? The strategies prescribed by Machiavelli are often considered as important in terms of how a leader should deal with situations where the organizations are specially facing difficult competition and external environment. Machiavelli therefore serves as an important reference point for leaders and CEOs to develop strategies to deal with the competition and achieve the relative degree of superiority over the competition. (McAlpine) This paper will discuss and argue on whether CEOs should turn to Machiavelli for developing business strategies or not. Machiavelli- the Prince Before discussing as to how the CEOs and leaders should refer to Machiavelli for developing strategies, it is important to first understand and explore the philosophy of Machiavelli and how it relates to strategy. Machiavelli is considered as a political theorist, diplomat as well as historian who wrote the famous book â€Å"The Prince† advising young Italian Prince of what he needs to do in order to overcome his opponents and establish his kingdom. As such The Prince is technically the work of advice given to a Prince to manage various aspects of running a State and how to deal with and manage the opponents. The Prince therefore is considered as one of the important works in both philosophy as well as political theory with implications for business strategy also. Such diverse range of application of this book makes it one of the important books in business world. (Boa) The overall strategies as well as advice contained in this book are often considered as immoral in nature. Some of the critics of Prince accuse it of suggesting strategies which may not be morally right under all circumstances. The strategies of deceit are considered as immoral by the critics of this philosophy however, they are considered as important also to work in certain situations. As such the context within which Prince was actually written and advised may justify its philosophy as well as advice for a Prince who lost everything and was in process of recapturing what was his legitimate. As such Machiavelli emphasize on the use of realism rather than idealism while making strategies and executing them in order to remain a successful leader and deal with the competition. The use of realism therefore allows leaders to commit acts which may be considered as immoral or deceitful. Machiavelli and Business Leaders Along with Sun Tzu’s Art of War, Machiavelli’s The Prince has been influential on CEOs and leaders regarding the development of leadership and management insight necessary for CEOs to operate their businesses. CEOs not only use above works to understand how they can improve the overall competitiveness of their enterprises but can also advance their careers using some of the strategies defined in both these books. Over the period of time, CEOs have therefore been using both these works as reference points for understanding the inherent dynamics of competition and how to advance their ca

Inter professional Team Working Risk Management Resuscitation department

Inter professional Team Working Risk Management Resuscitation department This assignment focuses on teamwork and the management of patients requiring emergency treatment. In health care, teamwork or inter-professional collaboration is an essential component of safety. As breakdowns in teamwork can lead to poor patient safety, I aim to critically evaluate and defend the importance of inter-professional collaboration in the resuscitation department. Example scenarios of patients that were brought into the resuscitation department requiring immediate care management will illustrate different team approaches to working, barriers to effective team working, and leadership of teams. The nurses role in the maintaining patient safety via risk management strategies will also be explored. This is important because the resuscitation department is a fast paced environment potentially vulnerable to risks. I intend to conclude how each scenario was managed and from these, draw up recommendations for streamlined nursing care and inter-professional team working in a resus citation department. A reference list is included. Introduction In the Accident and Emergency (AE) department, a key function is to receive asses and treat injured or sick people quickly at any time of the day or night. Anything can appear in an AE department; from patients with cuts, sprains and limb fractures, to patients with more serious life threatening conditions such as cardiovascular emergencies, gastrointestinal problems, neurovascular emergencies and traumatic injuries. Due to the nature of work in this environment, nursing care and management often occurs as a rapid sequence of events commencing with the recognition of life-threatening needs (Etherington 2003). Patients attending AE are seen immediately and there needs for treatment assessed. This initial assessment is a process known as triage designed to allocate clinical priority (See appendix). The Manchester triage group set up in 1994 is the most widely used triage method in the UK. The system selects patients with the highest priority first and works without making any assumptions about diagnosis. This is deliberate as AE departments are largely driven by patients presenting with signs and symptoms (Mackaway-Jones 1997). Once patients are triaged they are categorised according to a scale of urgency. The triage scale is colour coded for example: patients requiring immediate resuscitation and treatment are coded red, and would normally be met by a team standing by after prior notification by the ambulance service (Crouch and Marrow 1996). People presenting with serious injury or illness require a skilled team who follow recognised life support protocols within agreed roles (Etherington 2003). This assignment will focus on red coded patients brought into a resuscitation department requiring immediate care management for the preservation of life. Effective management of these patients is pivotal in reducing mortality rates and a skilled team is of great importance. In health care, teamwork or inter-professional collaboration is an essential component of safety. Research suggests that improvement in patient safety can be made by drawing on the science of team effectiveness (Salas, Rosen and king 2007). However, literature regarding emergency teams suggests that human factors such as communication and inter-professional relationships, can affect a teams performance regardless of how clinically skilled the team members are (Cole Crichton 2006, Lynch and Cole 2006). Ineffective teamwork can lead to errors in diagnosis and treatment (Salas, Rosen and king 2007) and is apparent in the many accusations of poor care and inadequate communication evident in malpractice lawsuits (Gro ff 2003). As breakdowns in teamwork can lead to poor patient safety, I aim to critically evaluate and defend the importance of inter-professional collaboration in the resuscitation department. Example scenarios of patients that were brought into the resuscitation department requiring immediate care management will illustrate different team approaches to working, barriers to effective team working, and leadership of teams. The nurses role in the maintaining patient safety via risk management strategies will also be explored. This is important because the resuscitation department is a fast paced environment potentially vulnerable to risks. I intend to conclude how each scenario was managed and from these, draw up recommendations for streamlined nursing care and inter-professional team working in a resuscitation department. Throughout this essay, I will adhere to confidentiality as stated in the Nursing Midwifery Councils Code (2008) and no identities regarding the patients or the trust shall be named. I acknowledge that some reference sources used in this assignment are dated, however they are still commonly cited in much up-to-date literature. The resuscitation room and the nurses role The resuscitation room is designed for the assessment and treatment of patients whose injury or illness is life-threatening (Etherington 2003). Anything can emerge with little warning (Walsh and Kent 2000) however, departments often receive prior warning of a patients arrival which allows the preparation of the resuscitation area and the team (Etherington 2003). All team members should be appropriately prepared to care for the patient in a systematic manner. AE nurses are vital components of the team (Hadfield-Law 2000) because they are usually among the first team members to meet patients and typically remain with them throughout their stay within the department (OMahoney 2005). A nurse with advanced life support (ALS) training is best placed to care for patients in the resuscitation room (Etherington 2003). This is where their training can be best utilized and this assists the inter-professional team to practice mutual working skills modelled on evidenced based protocols (DH 2005). Successful resuscitation depends on a number of factors, many of which can be influenced by AE nurses such as the environment and the equipment. Patient (2007) highlights various elements of AE nurses role in the preparation for patient arrival. This would include preparing the area, having equipment in ready and working order and having a team on stand by. These tasks underline the risk management strategies involved in maintaining a safe environment such as checking and cleaning everything on a regular basis (Etherington 2003), a practice which I observed is routinely carried between patient occupancy. The importance of carrying out such checks contributes to teams being prepared with equipment ready and working to treat patients safely. Once the patient has arrived, other roles and tasks the AE nurse might undertake include: maintaining a patients airway, patient assessment, taking vital observations, monitoring intravenous therapy, managing wound care, pain management, keeping rubbish clear to maintain a safe working environment, catheterisation, and communication and liaison between patients, relatives and the inter-professional team (Patient 2007, Etherington 2003). McCloskey et al., (1996) cited in Drach-Zahavy and Dagan (2002) describe this linking role of nursing as glue function as it is nurses who maintain the holistic overview of the care given to the patient by all members of the inter-professional team. From the literature (Patient 2007, Etherington 2003, McCloskey et al., 1996), it is evident that nurses working in the resuscitation area must be able to integrate with the inter-professional team and not only maintain the safety of the patient, but also everyone working in that environment. It is the nurses responsibility to manage the resuscitation room which incorporates preparing the environment and ensuring equipment is in working order. Investigation into the resuscitation room and the nurses role within that area has highlighted that nurses have many important management roles to carry out. For the purpose of this assignment, focus will be upon the nurse working as part of the inter-professional team, and the risk management strategies that take place to support that team. I had the opportunity to observe how inter-professional teams worked together to benefit the patient and ensure safety. Two examples of patients brought into the resuscitation department within the same week will now illustrate different team approaches to care management. Example 1 10:00 Saturday morning, the department receives a call from ambulance control warning that they have a patient with cardiac arrest on the way in approximately ten minutes. Immediately the lead nurse of the emergency department informs the two nurses managing the resuscitation department of the patient en route. The Nurses put a call out to the emergency inter-professional team to stand by and prepared the area by having the defibrillator in position, the oxygen mask ready and the adrenaline at hand. The emergency inter-professional team start flooding into the area and there is a mixture of bodies standing around in rubber gloves and aprons. The team consisted of three nurses, an anaesthetist, a physicians assistant, two junior medical students, two nursing students, a registrar, and a consultant equating 11 people. The ambulance crew arrived and they rushed the patient in promptly transferring her over from stretcher to trolley. The paramedic commenced a detailed handover to the team. The patient was a 69 year old woman who was found unconscious and not breathing at a holiday camp. The ambulance crew had been doing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 45 minutes from scene to hospital. The patient was still not breathing. During the time of this handover, it was observed by the nurse that there was a short hesitancy between continuity of CPR. After the ambulance crew transferred the woman over to the trolley, no one took the lead of directing the team or continuing CPR. After this brief hesitancy a nurse took the lead by suggesting someone start CPR. Another nurse then stepped forward and commenced chest compressions whilst the anaesthetist placed a bag and mask over the patients airway. The team crowded around and the consultant stepped forward and started making orders loudly in relation to current advanced resuscitation guidelines. The defibrillator was attached and the team was advised by the nurse operating it to stand clear. Shocks were delivered without success. The team took it in turn to do chest compressions for fifteen minutes whilst other members gathered around obtaining intravenous access. The consultant then suggested that they stop. The team stood back and started to disperse out of the resuscitation room leaving the nurses to continue care and management of the patient and her family. The patient was disconnected from the defibrillator and a nurse cleaned the resuscitation area. Example 2 At 02:30 ambulance control report that they have a patient involved in a road traffic collision (RTC) on route due in approximately twenty minutes. The lead nurse informs the two nurses running the resuscitation area who then inform the inter-professional team to stand by. The resuscitation area is prepared and a team of seven including two nurses, a registrar, an anaesthetist, a physicians assistant, an orthopaedic doctor, and a nursing student await the patients arrival. The team pre-decided on who is to do what tasks. The ambulance crew arrive with the patient on a spinal board. The crew hand over the patient, a 42 year old male who was intoxicated with alcohol and overdosed on analgesics, had been involved in a high-speed police chase and sped off the road overturning his car and going through the windscreen. The patient had recently discovered that his wife was having an affair and this was the suspected cause of his actions. The police awaited outside the resuscitation department. The patient was semi conscious maintaining his own airway. The registrar took the medical lead advising calmly who to do what. The anaesthetist took the management of the airway, a nurse provided comfort and reassurance to the patient whist taking observations. Another nurse cut the patients clothes off him and covered him with sheets. The protocol used for patients involved in trauma is the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) system (American College of Surgeons 1997) which is a widely adopted management plan for trauma victims. Initial assessment consists of preparation, a primary survey, resuscitation, secondary survey and definitive care phase which is the ongoing management of trauma. Because the ATLS involves medical and nursing staff, they encourage inter-professional learning. This occurs when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care (DH 2007). Most AE departments use the ATLS protocols (Etherington 2003) as this system of managing the severely injured has now become part of best practice (Royal College of Surgeons 2000). The registrar and the nurses all appeared highly familiar with ATLS protocol and a primary survey, secondary survey followed by definitive care phase was carried out systemically and smoothly. The team anticipated each others actions and care management resulted in the patient being able to maintain his own airway, breathing and circulation. Other team members that became involved in the care management of this patient included the radiographer, lab technicians and the police. The nurses liaised with all these people and acted as a mediator of communication between the team. This reinforces Drach-Zahavy and Dagans (2002) concept of glue function as it is nurses who maintain the holistic overview of the care given to the patient by all members of the inter-professional team. It is worth noting that these examples are comparatively different in relation to the time of day they occurred, the teams that attended, and the age and presentation of the patients. These factors will be taken into consideration during discussion of the two examples. Inter-professional team working Nurses are obliged to adhere to the NMC Code which in relation to team working, clearly states that nurses must work effectively as part of a team and respect the skills, expertise and contributions of colleagues (NMC 2008). The importance of inter-professional working has been emphasised in a succession of government white papers addressing care (Hewison 2004) which call for more team working, extended roles for professionals and the removal of hindrances to collaboration (DH 2000a/b, 2004, 2005). During a critical care emergency, effective teamwork, prioritising and speed of care delivery may mean the difference between life and death (Denton and Giddins 2009). National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA 2008) and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2007) agree that healthcare professionals are required to be able to respond appropriately in emergency situations. This entails an up-to-date knowledge of current evidence-based resuscitation guidelines (Resuscitation Council 2005, 2006) and the need for a team approach to care management of acutely ill individuals (Denton and Giddins 2009). An exploration of inter-professional team working in a resuscitation area will now follow, using the above examples to appraise the importance of inter-professional collaboration. Teams and team effectiveness will be discussed as this is essential in identifying the mechanisms of teamwork involved in patient management and safety (Salas, Rosen and King 2007). The DH (2005) recognise that outcomes of health care services are a product of teamwork and, the use of the word team is a broad spectrum term aimed to include all healthcare professionals working inter-professionally. Mohrman et al., (1995) definition includes individuals who work together to deliver services for which they are mutually accountable and, integrating with one another is included among the responsibilities of each member. Leathard (1994) depicts inter-professional practice to refer to people with distinct disciplinary training, working together making different yet complementary contributions to patient focused care. The philosophy of care in the local AE department incorporates these definitions stating; professionals aim to promote team spirit with support to each other and encourage relations with other disciplines (Trust AE nursing philosophy 2008). Salas, Rosen and King (2007) suggest effective teams have several unique characteristics including: a dynamic social interaction with significant interdependencies, a discrete lifespan, a distributed expertise, clearly assigned roles and responsibilities, and shared common values and beliefs (Wiles and Robinson 1994). These characteristics require goal directedness, communication and flexibility between members (Webster 2002). From these definitions, it is apparent that in healthcare a common and vital feature in teamwork is shared values and goals (Salas, Rosen and King 2007, Wiles and Robinson 1994). This serves as the teams focus point and appears to be at the pinnacle of what members strive towards. In example 1, shared values and goals are evident in the ALS protocols that the team followed. However, individuals roles were not clearly recognised and the team did not seem to be familiar with one-another. In example 2, the team again demonstrated shared values and goals by following agreed protocols (ATLS). This was further demonstrated in how the team interacted with each other and anticipated one-anothers actions. Pre-agreed tasks were organised by the team and they demonstrated mutual understanding of one-anothers roles. When members of trauma teams are given pre-assigned roles, they can perform a practice known as horizontal organisation which refers to the ability of performing several interventions simultaneously (Patient 2007 and Cole 2004). Taking on pre-agreed roles and responsibilities can influence patient outcomes, limiting resuscitation times and lowering mortality rates (Lomas and Goodall 1994). Salas, Rosen and King (2007) advise teams take time to develop a discipline of pre-brief where the team clarifies the goals, roles and performance strategies required. Example 2 demonstrates how, this preparation is proven to amplify performance levels when functioning under stressful conditions (Inzana et al., 1996 cited in Salas, Rosen and King 2007). A team approach in resuscitation has proved highly effective in reducing mortality rates (Walsh and Kent 2000). However, evidence suggests that human factors such as poor communication and lack of understanding of team members roles can breakdown team effectiveness leading to poor patient safety. (Xyrichis and Ream 2008, Atwal and Caldwell 2006). In relation to example 1, there were many team members present; nobody knew clearly who was who. To understand what makes an effective team, barriers inter-professional teams face and what can be done to overcome these obstacles shall be explored. Barriers to Inter-professional team working We have established that emergency care management involves many professionals each with their own discipline, knowledge and skills. Due to this diversity, professionals may have limited knowledge of each others roles and so undervalue the contribution of care delivered to patients, making inter-professional team working difficult (Spry 2006). Also, the way which individuals work together depends greatly on personalities and individual compatibility (Webster 2002). If personalities clash, this is a barrier to team effectiveness. In example 2, the team were familiar with one another and had evidently worked together in many trauma care situations as they seemed to trust and respect each other. This team were on their 3rd consecutive night shift working together therefore they had built a rapport with each other. Similarly in Cole and Crichtons (2006) study exploring the culture of a trauma team in relation to influencing human factors, many respondents described an amity and familiarity. They argued that teams work when people know their roles, have the required technical expertise and are knowledgeable about trauma. Cole and Crichton (2006) interviewed a consultant team leader who reports; you can have the most gruesome scenario where you have a new surgical SHO and a new anaesthetic SHO, no-one knows each other and its atrocious! Teams made up of individuals who are familiar with each other work with greater efficacy than teams composed of strangers (Guzzo and Dickson 1996 cited in Cole and Crichton 2006). This report illustrates the challenges that team unfamiliarity poses. In Cole and Crichtons (2006) study, focused ethnography was used to explore the culture of a trauma team in a teaching hospital. Many ethnographic studies focus on a distinct problem amongst a small group. This method is appropriate when focussing on the meanings of individuals customs and behaviours in the environment in which they are occurring (Savage 2000). Six periods of observation of trauma teams attending trauma calls was undertaken followed by 11 semi-structured interviews with purposively chosen key personnel. Their findings are based on the trauma teams working in one hospital; therefore this study is quite narrow. Cole and Crichton acknowledge that this method of study can be criticized for producing only one snapshot in time, potentially reducing its credibility. Taking these limitations into account, I believe their findings could be used to inform best practice where if the opportunity existed teams could be facilitated to practice working together. This would allow me mbers to become familiar with each others personalities and roles. Teams operating within an emergency medicine context face complex, dynamic and high-stress environments (Salas, Rosen and King 2007). However Denton and Giddins (2009) suggest staff in these areas become experienced in managing emergencies, know each others roles and have developed close team-working skills. Example 2 shows evidence to support this. Conversely, in example 1, the team seemed disjointed and nobody seemed to know each other. They assembled for the resuscitation but a lack of role perception hindered the teams ability to work effectively together. Research into inter-professional team working and resuscitation attempts is limited (Denton and Giddins 2009). However, a small study of cardiopulmonary resuscitation conducted in a trust hospital by Meerabeau and Page (1999) found that, although team members of a resuscitation attempt may have a common goal (to resuscitate the patient) and some of the attributes associated with effective teams, many features may not be present . These features encompass regular interaction and clear roles as their evidence concludes, CPR teams generally did not work together nor practice their skills together. These findings support Cole and Crichtons (2006) results and could be applicable to example 1 indicating that; although CPR teams trained specifically to react in CPR situations, factors such as regular interaction and clear roles influence team effectiveness. If integrated inter-professional working is to become a reality, it is fundamental that people have opportunities to work closely together to build up personal relationships and understand others roles (Hewison 2004). Professional education needs to play a vital part in supporting this (Webster 2002). The DH actively encouraged initiatives in the NHS and in higher education institutions to encourage greater role awareness amongst health professionals and support effective team working (DH 2007, 2004a, 2000b). This allows team members to devise precise expectations of their team mates actions and requirements during high-stress work episodes (Salas, Rosen and King 2007). This is a logical solution but like Salas, Rosen and King (2007) note, teams come together for a discrete lifespan and depend upon who is on duty and time of day. Consequently having opportunities for developing personal relationships and understanding each others roles becomes a challenge. A lack of specialist skills required to manage the care of critically ill patients is a potential barrier to delivering effective team care as this could escalate into inter-professional conflict. This is when nurses skills and doctors expectations of these skills differed (Tippins 2005). This barrier highlights the relevance of the ATLS training. Patient (2007) confirms that individuals who have undertaken the ATLS course claim they have gained an insight into each others roles and resultantly, can communicate with one another better (Hadfield-Law 1994). The number of staff available varies between departments and is influenced by time of day (Etherington 2003). Example 1 took place on a busy Saturday morning and the department was bustling with staff. The team that attended to the patient was large and appeared disorganised. There were 11 members to this team, 4 of which were students who were perhaps encouraged to attend and observe the situation. The team that attended the patient in example 2 was comparatively smaller and appeared more organised. In an article by Tippins (2005) exploring nurses experiences of managing critical illness in an AE department, one nurse describes how the nature of the experiences depended on the size and dynamics of a team: Because it was such a big trauma, there were so many people there, actually you feel its not managed very well because there were so many people. It was just a bit chaotic really. This example along with example 1 demonstrates that large numbers of people can make inter-professiona l working difficult. The ideal number of team members in a resuscitation team is uncertain (Patient 2007). Etherington (2003) reinforces that effective teamwork is possible with just 3 people present providing leadership, trust and collaboration are achieved. Relating back to example 2, leadership, trust and collaboration was evident. There was also a strong awareness of roles and task distribution as opposed to example 1 where the team appeared to gather in an unorganised fashion. These examples demonstrate that the size of a team does not reflect quality. It is influencing factors such as role perception, communication and good leadership that make an effective team. Within inter-professional teams individuals also need emotional intelligence to work effectively with colleagues and patients (Mc Callin and Bamford 2007). According to Goleman (1998), someone with high emotional intelligence is aware of emotions and how to regulate them and use this data to guide their thinking and actions (Faugier and Woolnough 2002). Self-awareness, social awareness and social skill are central to emotional intelligence. This is the heart of effective teamwork and influences excellence and job satisfaction (Mc Callin and Bamford 2007). The team in example 2 displayed emotional intelligence in their interactions amongst each other and the patient. For example, the registrar and the nurses constantly communicated with the patient recognising his distress. Team members also displayed horizontal organization demonstrating their awareness and anticipation of one anothers roles and task allocation. Breakdown in communication has been highlighted a root cause of serious incidents (National Patient Safety Agency 2006) and trauma resuscitations are especially vulnerable. Heavy workload and constantly changing staff can inhibit communication between team members and so affect adversely patient outcomes for example; medication errors or amputation of wrong limbs (Lynch and Cole 2006). Salas, Rosen and King (2007) highlight how communication often breaks down in the inherently stressful nature of responding to crises which can consequently result in clinical errors during decision making. Paradoxically, this is when communication needs to be at its finest (Haire 1998). Many examples of high-quality nursing practice in managing critically ill patients involve good communication skills between staff, patients and relatives (Tippins 2005). Good communication begins and ends with self (Dickensen-Hazard and Root 2000). This relates back to the concept of emotional intelligence and awareness where every person, particularly the leader, should have a clear picture of self, of what is valued and believed and how that blends with the organisation served. Overall, clear, precise and direct channels of communication need to be in place to enhance patient outcome, team functioning (Haire 1998), patient safety and quality care. Leadership The concept of inter-professional team working and the barriers that hinder team effectiveness has been discussed. Now an analysis on team leadership will follow. Leadership is defined as a particular form of selected behaviour that manages team activity and develops team and individual performance (Lynch and Cole 2006). There is a strong focus on leadership within the health service as a resource for delivering quality care and treatment. This is noted in the NHS plan (DH 2000b) which states: Delivering the plans radical change programme will require first class leaders at all levels of NHS. By having visible leaders at all levels contributes to setting high standards and amending errors efficiently. Consequently this contributes to maintaining a safe environment. A resuscitation team needs a visible leader who has the knowledge and communication skills to direct team members (Etherington 2003). In relation to example 1, there was no immediate visible leader who took the task of preparing the team. Only later did the consultant take the lead. As suggested earlier, resuscitation teams are effective when team members adopt specific, pre-agreed roles, which can be carried out simultaneously. The consultant was unable to prepare the team as he arrived only seconds prior to the patient. In the AE department, effective leadership is of prime importance due to the fast paced nature of the environment, which lends potential for staff to feel threatened by the perceived chaos. The leader needs to foster an environment where care delivery has some structure, and staff have guidance and security (Cook and Holt 2000). This role of team leader is pivotal for the effective functioning of the team (Cole and Crichton 2006). The consultant in example 1 and the registrar in example 2 were the identified team leaders. There are few recommendations made about the education necessary to become a team leader other than experience and seniority. The Royal College of Surgeons (2000) report that the team leader should be experienced in emergency management from either an emergency, intensive care or surgical specialty and have completed an ATLS course (Cole and Crichton 2006, American College of Surgeons 1997). From observation of leadership in the local resuscitation department, it appears that the most senior team member takes the lead. Etherington (2003) argues that many AE nurses perform the leader role as well as their medical colleagues. Meanwhile, Gilligan et al., (2005) argue that in many emergency departments AE nurses do not assume a lead role in advanced resuscitation. Their study investigated whether emergency nurses with previous ALS training provided good team leadership in a simulated cardiac arrest situation concluding that, ALS trained nurses performed equally as well as ALS trained emergency Senior House Officers (SHOs). This study was conducted at five emergency departments. All participants went through the same scenario. Participants included 20 ALS trained nurses, 19 ALS trained emergency SHOs, and 18 emergency SHOs without formal ALS training. The overall mean score for doctors without ALS training was 69.5%, compared with 72.3% for ALS trained doctors and 73.7% for ALS trained nurses. The evidence drawn from Gilligan et al., (2005) suggests it may be